The above was the subject of a Marsilius Project at Heidelberg University undertaken jointly by the art historian Prof. Henry Keazor and myself, triggered by my experiences in the DFG commission for investigations of scientific misconduct and his work on exposing art forgeries. I will present a summary of our findings on the different types of such misconduct across different disciplines, discuss the motivation of the perpetrators and ways of preventing misconduct, as well as talk about the consequences for science, scientific credibility, political and economic decisions, and public perception in general.